Africa’s Development Drive: Digital Economies, Green Mobility, and Fiscal Accountability

Welcome back to The Vault! Here’s our bulletin on recent policy developments.

Angola

  • Angola Gears Up for SADC e-CoO Implementation
  • Angola’s Fiscal Commitment: Tax Revenues to Fuel Digital Revolution
  • World Bank Unlocks $3 Billion Boost for Angola’s Vital Water and Power Infrastructure

Ethiopia

  • Ethiopian airlines bolsters fleet with 21st A350-900
  • Ethiopia and China seal market access protocol

Kenya

  • Kenya’s AG and CAK Push for Swift Reinstatement of Cybercrime Provisions Amid Court Consolidation Debate
  • Kenya Sugar Board Mandates Registration for All Repackagers
  • Standard Chartered Pioneers Bond-Backed Lending
  • AVPA Catalyzing Investments in Mental Health Sector
  • 99,000 Tonnes of Subsidized Fertilizer to Empower Farmers Amid Global Pressures

Malawi

  • Malawi Supreme Court Greenlights $480M Fuel Dispute Trial
  • Malawi and Norway Forge $19.5M Health Pact
  • Mutharika Administration Signals Fuel Price Surge

South Africa

  • Johannesburg High Court Mandates Anti-Xenophobia Strategy
  • New IEC Commissioners to Safeguard Democratic Integrity

Ghana

  • Ghana’s Education Ministry Unveils Flat Platform for Learning
  • New Legislative Instrument Targets Repeal of Controversial Mining Regulation, Restoring Investor Confidence

Nigeria

  • Senate Exposes $200bn Crude Oil Revenue Black Hole
  • Nigeria’s Senate Advances Electric Vehicles Bill
  • 14-Year Jail Term Approved for Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions

Feel free to share your thoughts with us, and if you need insight into any key legislation, please tell us.

ANGOLA

Angola Gears Up for SADC e-CoO Implementation

Angola is set to implement the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Electronic Certificate of Origin (e-CoO), a significant milestone aimed at facilitating smoother regional trade. Announced on 4th November 2025, this move aligns Angola with SADC’s broader efforts to modernize and digitize trade documentation, reducing paperwork and expediting customs clearance. The e-CoO system will enhance transparency and traceability of goods, helping to combat fraud and improve compliance with trade regulations. This digital transformation is expected to boost Angola’s export competitiveness within the SADC region by streamlining processes for exporters and importers alike. The implementation also supports regional integration objectives by harmonizing trade procedures, thereby encouraging economic growth. For businesses inside Angola, this development promises lower transaction costs and faster turnaround times at borders.

Angola’s Fiscal Commitment: Tax Revenues to Fuel Digital Revolution

In a bold affirmation of Angola’s digital ambitions, Finance Minister Vera Daves de Sousa announced on October 28, 2025, the mobilization of tax revenues to fuel Angola ambitious digital transformation agenda. This commitment underscores the government’s prioritization of digital infrastructure and public service modernization to boost economic growth and enhance governance. By securing these funds, Angola aims to expand internet access, improve digital literacy, and support the development of e-government platforms. The move is expected to attract investment and accelerate the digital economy, creating new opportunities for businesses and citizens alike. Tax revenue mobilization also ensures sustainable financing for ongoing and future tech projects, reducing dependency on external aid. This initiative signals Angola’s dedication to aligning with regional and global digital trends, improving competitiveness.

World Bank Unlocks $3 Billion Boost for Angola’s Vital Water and Power Infrastructure

Angola received a substantial financial injection of over U.S.$3 billion from the World Bank on 28 October 2025, tosupport critical infrastructure projects in the water and electricity sectors. This funding aims to enhance water supply through projects like the Bita water project and PDISA II, as well as improve energy infrastructure with initiatives including the interconnection of Huíla and Cunene provinces and future links to Namibia’s electricity grid. The World Bank’s support, complemented by the African Development Bank’s contributions, reflects a strategic investment to modernize Angola’s essential services. This financial backing will help increase access to clean water and reliable electricity, directly impacting the quality of life for millions while boosting economic growth and resilience. By underpinning foundational infrastructure, the funding is set to accelerate Angola’s development, promote regional integration, and support sustainable urban and rural development.

ETHIOPIA

Ethiopian Airlines Bolsters Fleet with 21st A350-900

Ethiopian Airlines on November 1, 2025, proudly took delivery of its 21st Airbus A350-900 aircraft, a key milestone reinforcing its fleet modernization and sustainability strategy. This ultramodern aircraft, registered ET-BCE, enhances operational efficiency and passenger comfort with advanced aerodynamics, fuel-efficient engines, and a luxurious “Airspace” cabin featuring wider seats, larger windows, and high-definition in-flight entertainment. The A350-900 significantly reduces carbon emissions, supporting Ethiopian Airlines’ commitment to sustainable aviation and de-carbonization efforts. As Africa’s leading carrier, this addition strengthens Ethiopian’s global competitiveness and growth in long-haul markets, underpinning its vision of delivering world-class service with eco-friendly technology. The expanded fleet supports reliable, comfortable travel while promoting environmental responsibility.

Ethiopia and China Seal Market Access Protocol

Ethiopia and China have formalized a Bilateral Market Access Protocol on trade in goods and services at the WTO Headquarters in Geneva on November 5, 2025. The agreement concluded bilateral negotiations on trade in goods and services, reflecting both nations’ commitment to deepening economic cooperation and supporting a rules-based global trade system. This protocol brings Ethiopia closer to finalizing all necessary bilateral negotiations, consolidating its multilateral commitments for full WTO membership. The deal enhances Ethiopia’s integration into the global economy, fostering a level playing field, boosting trade, and strengthening regional and international economic ties. It underscores Ethiopia’s strategic focus on opening its market, promoting sustainable development, and aligning with Africa’s broader vision of equitable global participation.

KENYA

Kenya’s AG and CAK Push for Swift Reinstatement of Cybercrime Provisions Amid Court Consolidation Debate

Kenya’s Attorney General (AG) and the Communications Authority of Kenya (CAK) urged the High Court on November 5, 2025, to prioritize hearing their bid to reinstate key sections of the Cybercrime Laws that were previously suspended by court order. The suspended provisions, part of the controversial Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes (Amendment) Act, 2025, had been temporarily halted in late October due to concerns over constitutionality and potential infringement on freedoms such as privacy, expression, and access to information. The AG and CAK argue that their application to lift the suspension should be addressed before consolidating six petitions challenging the law’s validity. This legal maneuvering highlights the intense debate in Kenya over balancing cybersecurity enforcement with human rights protections in the digital space. The outcome will significantly impact Kenya’s regulatory environment and governance of online activities. The case also underscores the judiciary’s critical role in shaping digital rights amid evolving cyber laws in Africa.

Kenya Sugar Board Mandates Registration for All Repackagers

The Kenya Sugar Board (KSB), on 4th November 2025, issued a directive requiring all sugar re-packaging firms in the country to register with the regulator by November 17, 2025. This mandate, grounded in the Sugar Act 2024 and its 2025 regulations, aims to enhance product traceability, enforce quality standards, and strengthen market oversight. The registration process is conducted through the Board’s Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) portal, ensuring that only compliant operators with proper documentation are licensed. This measure seeks to curb the circulation of substandard or adulterated sugar, protect consumer safety, and promote fair competition by eliminating illegal re-packaging practices. Failure to register will lead to penalties, including suspension or revocation of repackaging rights. The step is part of broader efforts to reform and stabilize Kenya’s sugar industry, boosting trust and transparency across the value chain.

Standard Chartered Pioneers Bond-Backed Lending

Standard Chartered Bank Kenya has unveiled a groundbreaking initiative to extend loans to eligible clients using government-issued bonds as collateral, announced on November 4, 2025.This innovative facility targets affluent investors, enabling them to unlock liquidity from their bond portfolios without selling their securities while still receiving biannual coupon payments. Loans are offered at competitive interest rates with no arrangement of fees and structured as overdrafts for flexible repayment options. The move supports Kenya’s broader financial inclusion and digital finance agenda by providing accessible, asset-backed credit solutions. Since the launch of the DhowCSD platform, retail investor participation has surged, demonstrating strong demand for government securities among individual investors. This facility enhances capital market depth, provides investors with financial flexibility, and strengthens Kenya’s bond market ecosystem, contributing positively to overall economic growth.

AVPA Catalyzing Investments in Mental Health Sector

Africa Venture Philanthropy Alliance (AVPA) has unveiled a Sh1.6 billion ($12 million) impact investment fund dedicated to scaling mental health initiatives across Kenya and East Africa, announced on November 4, 2025. The fund pools capital from philanthropies, private investors, governments, and foundations to drive investment in high-impact mental health programs across the continent. In partnership with the Coalition for Mental Health Investment, which includes the Clinton Global Initiative and Wellcome Trust, AVPA aims to unlock private capital for addressing Africa’s underfunded mental health sector. AVPA’s CEO, Dr. Frank Aswani, emphasized that mental health is foundational to economic productivity and social stability, making this initiative critical for sustainable development. The fund also marks a shift towards African-led financing and innovation, backed by a strategic partnership with the International Development Innovation Alliance (IDIA). This initiative is poised to transform mental health investment, promote blended finance models, and enhance the continent’s human capital, signaling a new era of local ownership and impact-driven growth in Africa.

99,000 Tonnes of Subsidized Fertilizer to Empower Farmers Amid Global Pressures

The Kenyan government has approved the distribution of 99,000 metric tonnes of subsidized fertilizer to over 600,000 smallholder tea farmers announced on November 3, 2025.The fertilizer, primarily an NPK 26:5:5 blend, aims to improve soil fertility and enhance tea yields. Retailing at Sh2,500 per 50 kg bag due to government subsidies, this initiative is a welcome relief for over 600,000 farmers facing rising input costs and fluctuating global tea prices. The first shipment of 30,000 tonnes arrived in early November 2025 at Mombasa port, with additional consignments en route to meet national demand. KTDA Chairman Geoffrey Kirundi highlighted that timely delivery before the peak planting and maintenance period is critical for maximizing impact. This program is expected to boost productivity, improve farmer incomes, and strengthen Kenya’s position as a leading global tea exporter, supporting overall economic growth and rural livelihoods.

MALAWI

Malawi Supreme Court Greenlights $480M Fuel Dispute Trial

Malawi’s Supreme Court of Appeal on November 4, 2025, dismissed TotalEnergies’ appeal in a high-profile $480 million fuel dispute, clearing the way for a full trial between the energy giant, the Malawi government, and local fuel supplier Prima Fuels. The case dates to a 2001 contract under which TotalEnergies allegedly ceased payments in 2006, leading to a prolonged legal battle over unpaid dues. The court’s decision to uphold the trial signals a major win for Malawi’s efforts to enforce accountability from multinational corporations operating in the country. The ruling reinforces the government’s commitment to protecting national interests and recovering lost revenue from foreign investors. The upcoming trial at the Commercial Court will be closely watched for its potential impact on Malawi’s petroleum sector and investor relations. This decision underscores the judiciary’s role in balancing corporate power with legal and economic sovereignty.

Malawi and Norway Forge $19.5M Health Pact

Malawi and Norway, on November 4, 2025, signed a $19.5 million bilateral grant agreement to support Malawi’s health sector through the Health Services Joint Fund (HSJF).  The grant aligns with Malawi’s Health Sector Strategic Plan III, focusing on improving healthcare delivery, expanding access to essential services, and strengthening public financial management. This support reflects Norway’s trust in Malawi’s governance reforms and commitment to enhancing health system resilience and accountability. The HSJF, which pools resources from multiple international partners, has already contributed to significant advancements such as installing CT scanners and expanding neurosurgery services. This new funding is expected to further enhance healthcare infrastructure and accessibility, especially in rural areas, boosting Malawi’s progress toward universal health coverage.

Mutharika Administration Signals Fuel Price Surge

Malawi’s government under President Mutharika announced on October 30, 2025,plans to raise fuel prices as fuel subsidies were phased out, following a sharp 38% increase earlier in October driven by the Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority. The government’s move to reduce subsidies reflects ongoing fiscal pressures and aims to align domestic fuel prices with international market levels. This adjustment, effective from early November 2025, sees petrol prices rise substantially, causing widespread concern about inflation and increased transport costs, which will likely ripple through the economy. Stakeholders warn that higher fuel prices will drive up the cost of goods and services, straining household budgets already affected by rising commodity prices. The subsidy removal is part of broader efforts to restore fiscal sustainability, but it presents immediate challenges for economic stability and livelihoods.

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg High Court Mandates Anti-Xenophobia Strategy

The Johannesburg High Court in Pretoria ordered the South African government on November 5, 2025,to urgently develop and implement a comprehensive National Action Plan to Combat Xenophobia, following a 2023 application by the Socio-Economic Rights Institute (SERI) and other civil society groups representing affected migrant communities. The judgment specifically targeted the anti-migrant group Operation Dudula, banning it from intimidating, harassing, or assaulting foreign nationals and from blocking access to public health and educational services. The court also prohibited hate speech and unlawful searches by private individuals, reaffirming constitutional protections for all residents regardless of nationality. This ruling marks a pivotal step in addressing xenophobia and safeguarding human rights, reinforcing that vigilantism and discrimination will not be tolerated. Advocacy groups hailed the decision as a major victory for dignity and inclusion in South Africa’s democracy. The government’s implementation of this order will be critical in promoting social cohesion and curbing violence against migrants.

New IEC Commissioners to Safeguard Democratic Integrity

South African President Cyril Ramaphosa on November 4, 2025, appointed new commissioners to the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) for seven-year terms, ahead of the critical local government elections scheduled for late 2026. The appointees include Mrs. Joyce Pitso and Judge Dhaya Pillay, with Mosotho Moepya reappointed as IEC chairperson, signaling continuity in leadership. President Ramaphosa emphasized the importance of these appointments in safeguarding the integrity and transparency of South Africa’s diverse electoral processes. These new commissioners will play a pivotal role in overseeing electoral preparations and managing an increased number of registered political parties, reflecting growing political participation. The IEC continues to foster trust in democratic governance through credible elections, a crucial factor for political stability and citizen engagement in the country’s democracy.

GHANA

Ghana’s Education Ministry Unveils Flat Platform for Learning

Ghana’s Ministry of Education on October 5, 2025, launched the 2025 Foundational Learning Action Tracker (FLAT), a digital monitoring platform developed in partnership with UNICEF and the Hempel Foundation. The FLAT is designed to enhance teaching and learning outcomes by tracking national progress in foundational skills such as literacy, numeracy, and socio-emotional development, aligning with Ghana’s educational goals and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The platform operates under the RAPID Framework, emphasizing inclusive education that reaches every child, prioritizing core subjects, improving instructional efficiency, and supporting learners’ well-being.  Deputy Minister Dr. Clement Apaak highlighted that FLAT will help refine education policies, allocate resources more equitably, and strengthen foundational learning, especially through instruction in local languages at early education levels. The initiative reflects Ghana’s commitment to addressing learning poverty and supporting teacher capacity building.

New Legislative Instrument Targets Repeal of Controversial Mining Regulation, Restoring Investor Confidence

Ghana’s Acting Minister of Environment, Science, Technology, and Innovation, Emmanuel Armah-Kofi Buah, on November 4, 2025, laid before Parliament a new Legislative Instrument (L.I.) to revoke the controversial Environmental Protection (Mining in Forest) Regulation Law. This new L.I. seeks to completely repeal L.I. 2462 and revoke L.I. 2501, both of which had allowed mining activities within forest reserves under certain presidential powers. The revocation aims to impose a total ban on mining in Ghana’s forest reserves to safeguard the environment, curb illegal small-scale mining (galamsey), and protect water bodies and forest ecosystems. The move follows extensive consultations and public outcry over the environmental degradation linked to previous regulations. By removing presidential authority to grant mining permits in protected areas, the government signals a strong commitment to sustainable resource management and environmental conservation.

NIGERIA

Senate Exposes $200bn Crude Oil Revenue Black Hole

Nigeria’s Senate has approved the interim report of its Ad-hoc Committee on Crude Oil Theft, uncovering over $200 billion in unaccounted proceeds from crude sales between 2015 and 2023, alongside $22 billion in domestic mismatches and an $81 billion shortfall between NNPC declarations and CBN receipts from 2016-2017, as presented by Chairman Senator Ned Nwoko on November 5, 2025. The interim report detailed massive discrepancies stemming from systemic weaknesses, poor regulation, and suspended oversight functions under the Petroleum Industry Act. It revealed significant revenue leakages across local and international transactions, with forensic reviews by consultants exposing extensive diversion and theft. This landmark revelation serves as a wake-up call to overhaul Nigeria’s oil governance and restore accountability, potentially unlocking vital resources to reduce national debt and boost economic growth. The findings underscore the critical need for strengthened surveillance, enhanced inter-agency coordination, and robust anti-corruption measures to safeguard Nigeria’s oil wealth and fiscal stability.

Nigeria’s Senate Advances Electric Vehicles Bill

Nigeria’s Senate on November 5, 2025, passed the second reading of the Electric Vehicle Transition and Green Mobility Bill, signaling a major legislative step toward phasing out petrol-powered vehicles and promoting electric mobility. Sponsored by Senator Orji Uzor Kalu, the bill aims to establish a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for Nigeria’s shift to clean, energy-efficient transport. It includes provisions for reducing carbon emissions, boosting local manufacturing of electric vehicles and related technologies, and creating a National Electric Vehicle Development and Promotion Council to coordinate policies. The bill comes as Nigeria seeks to address environmental pollution, public health issues, and align with global climate action efforts. Senators highlighted the importance of reducing urban air pollution in cities like Lagos and Kano, improving public health, and creating new jobs in emerging green industries.

14-Year Jail Term Approved for Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions

Nigeria’s Senate has approved a 14-year jail term for perpetrators of sexual harassment in educational institutions, embedded within the Sexual Harassment in Education (Prohibition and Prevention) Bill, 2025, passing third reading on November 5, 2025. The law sets minimum sentences of five years with no option for fines, aiming to safeguard student dignity and ethical standards in academic environments. It covers various forms of sexual misconduct, including unwanted advances and physical contact, while allowing victims to pursue civil actions for breach of fiduciary duty. The legislation marks a significant step toward combating abuse of power in education, reinforcing protection mechanisms, and promoting safe learning spaces.

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