From Forged Certificates to Fertilizer Giants: Africa Balances Reform and Renewal

Welcome back to The Vault! Here’s our bulletin on recent policy developments.

Angola

  • Government Launches Fishing Village Development Program to Boost Coastal Communities
  • Angola and Portugal Reaffirm Health Sector Cooperation to Advance Universal Coverage
  • Minister of State Launches Kwenda 2 in Bié

Ethiopia

  • Ethiopia Launches Duty-Free Exports Under AfCFTA
  • Dangote and Ethiopia’s PM Flag Off $2.5 Billion Fertilizer Plant in Gode

Kenya

  • IEBC Appeals for UN Technical Support to Fortify 2027 Election Integrity
  • Kisii County Assembly Passes Finance Bill 2025
  • Kenya Poised for Crypto Revolution as Parliament Passes VASP Bill

Malawi

  • Malawi Government Shuts Down Salima Sugar Company Amid Mismanagement Probe

South Africa

  • New Municipal Tariffs Ignite Protests in Cape Town
  • South Africa Grants 18-Month Lifeline to Zimbabwean Exemption Permit Holders

Ghana

  • NAIMOS Task Force Raids Notorious Galamsey Hideout in Western Region

Nigeria

  • Minister of Innovation, Science, and Technology, Minister Uche Nnaji, Resigns Amid Certificate Forgery Scandal
  • Senate Advances Bill for 10-Year Passport Ban on Convicted Nigerians Abroad
  • Tinubu Requests NASS Approval for $2.3 Billion External Loan
  • Tinubu Requests Senate Confirmation for Abdullahi Ramat as NERC Chairman to Revitalize Power Sector Reforms

Other

  • African Union Signs Landmark MOU with Pan African Youth Union to Strengthen Continental Youth Coordination

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ANGOLA

Government Launches Fishing Village Development Program to Boost Coastal Communities

The Angolan government approved a National Programme for the Development of Fishing Villages on October 3, 2025, targeting improved living conditions for coastal and rural fishing communities. The program focuses on enhancing infrastructure, equipment, and basic services to support sustainable artisanal fishing and boost production, market access, and the value of fishery products. Valued at 800 to 900 million kwanzas, it aims to generate employment and increase incomes for fishing families while promoting environmental conservation. Initial implementation will start immediately, focusing on regions such as Benguela, Moxico Leste, Cuanza-Norte, and Bengo provinces, with plans to integrate more fishing villages by 2027. The initiative supports social, economic, and environmental pillars, aligning fishing with tourism and community development to ensure dignity and better sanitary conditions.

Angola and Portugal Reaffirm Health Sector Cooperation to Advance Universal Coverage

Angola and Portugal reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening cooperation in the health sector during Portuguese Health Minister Ana Paula Martins’ visit to Angola on October 4, 2025. The collaboration focuses on training Angolan healthcare professionals, with plans to train 117 doctors in general and family medicine and facilitate 18-month internships in Portuguese hospitals for specialists. Discussions also covered tropical disease internships, hospital engineering support, and strategic health planning. This partnership builds on a Cooperation Protocol signed in February 2025 and aims to enhance the quality of healthcare services, improve staff capacities, and establish specialized health centers in Angola. The visit included participation in the 2nd International Congress on the Response to HIV/AIDS and technical site visits.

Minister of State Launches Kwenda 2 in Bié

The Minister of State for Social Affairs, Maria do Rosário Bragança, launched Kwenda 2 on October 6, 2025, in the village of Batatela, Bié Province, as part of the Social Protection Strengthening Program. The program provides monthly cash transfers of 11,000 kwanzas to vulnerable families, with up to 66,000 kwanzas per family, currently benefiting 425 households in the Andulo municipality. Scheduled to run until 2029, Kwenda 2 aims to reduce poverty, strengthen social protection, and support the goals of Angola’s National Development Plan (2023-2027). The initiative expands coverage from 18 to 21 provinces, directly assisting over one million people in its first phase. The program is a critical tool for combating hunger, extreme poverty, and social inequalities while promoting gender equality and improving living standards for Angola’s most vulnerable families. The governor of Bié emphasized the transformative impact of Kwenda 1 on 187,325 households, underscoring the social commitment of the Angolan government under President João Lourenço.

ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia Launches Duty-Free Exports Under AfCFTA

Ethiopia is set to officially launch duty-free exports to African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) member states on October 9, 2025. This milestone marks Ethiopia’s first operational participation in the AfCFTA framework, aimed at deepening regional economic integration and expanding trade across Africa. The launch will facilitate exports of key products such as coffee, meat, vegetables, fruits, pulses, and oilseeds to East and Southern African countries, using air and land transport networks. The program is expected to boost Ethiopia’s competitiveness, attract investments, create jobs, and modernize customs systems. As the host country of the African Union, Ethiopia’s initiation of the duty-free trade program underscores its strategic role in continental economic cooperation.

Dangote and Ethiopia’s PM Flag Off $2.5 Billion Fertilizer Plant in Gode

The Dangote Group and Ethiopian Prime Minister on October 5, 2025,officially launched the construction of a $2.5 billion fertilizer plant in Gode, Ethiopia. This project, one of the largest fertilizer production complexes globally, will produce three million metric tonnes of urea annually, leveraging Ethiopia’s natural gas reserves. The plant aims to drastically reduce Ethiopia’s dependence on fertilizer imports, boost agricultural productivity, create thousands of jobs, and enhance food security across the Horn of Africa. The partnership highlights Ethiopia’s economic reforms and infrastructure investments, positioning the country as a promising destination for industrial and agricultural investment. This initiative is expected to catalyze industrial transformation in Ethiopia and promote regional agricultural self-sufficiency within five years.

KENYA

IEBC Appeals for UN Technical Support to Fortify 2027 Election Integrity

The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) of Kenya sought enhanced technical and strategic support from the United Nations during a consultative meeting held on October 7, 2025, ahead of the 2027 General Election. IEBC Chairperson Erastus Edung Ethekon emphasized early engagement and collaboration to strengthen electoral integrity, focusing on youth inclusion, voter education, and conflict prevention. The UN Electoral Needs Assessment Mission committed to aligning its support with IEBC’s priorities, including technological assistance to counter digital threats like misinformation and AI-generated deepfakes. Kenya aims to uphold its reputation as a model democracy in Africa by ensuring transparent, credible, and inclusive elections. This partnership is crucial for building institutional capacity and enhancing public trust in the electoral process. The engagement underscores Kenya’s commitment to safeguarding electoral credibility and promoting peaceful, stable democratic governance.

Kisii County Assembly Passes Finance Bill 2025

Kisii County Assembly on October 7, 2025,passed the 2025 Finance Bill introducing significant fiscal reforms for the upcoming financial year. The bill reduces taxes for small businesses, including a decrease in fees for single business permits from KSh 1,500-2,500 to KSh 500, and exemption of street preachers from taxes, easing the financial burden on micro-entrepreneurs. However, it raises fees for billboard advertisements from KSh 165,000 to KSh 500,000 and soapstone business fees from KSh 20,000 to KSh 50,000. Additionally, boda boda riders’ registration fees are now KSh 300 monthly or KSh 2,000 annually, and construction permit fees are halved from KSh 10,000 to KSh 5,000. These measures aim to balance revenue generation with economic support for low-income residents while tackling fraud through authorized payment channels.

Kenya Poised for Crypto Revolution as Parliament Passes VASP Bill

Kenya’s National Assembly passed the Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASP) Bill, 2025, at its third reading on October 7, 2025,marking the country’s first comprehensive legislation to regulate cryptocurrencies and other virtual assets. Awaiting final assent by President William Ruto, the law establishes a framework for licensing and supervision of Virtual Asset Service Providers, including exchanges, brokers, and wallet operators. It aims to protect consumers, enhance investor confidence, and prevent financial crimes by imposing stringent anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing requirements aligned with global standards. The bill addresses a rapidly growing sector where approximately 13% of Kenyans engage in crypto activities, providing much-needed regulatory clarity. Oversight will be shared between the Central Bank of Kenya and the Capital Markets Authority, reflecting a coordinated approach.

Kenya Transitions to Single-Dose HPV Vaccine, Revolutionizing Cervical Cancer Prevention

Kenya adopted a single-dose Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine on 7 October 2025, aiming to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, which kills over 3,200 women annually. This shift follows strong evidence from the Kenya Single dose HPV Vaccine Efficacy (KEN SHE) trial, showing up to 98% protection with one dose, simplifying logistics and reducing costs. The move targets girls aged 10 to 14, improving vaccine coverage from 24% in 2022 to over 60% by 2024, making the program more accessible and sustainable. Kenya joins global efforts to combat cervical cancer, the leading cancer among Kenyan women, by increasing vaccination and reducing dropouts common with two-dose schedules. The policy change is expected to significantly cut cervical cancer rates, save lives, and reduce health system burdens.

MALAWI

Malawi Government Shuts Down Salima Sugar Company Amid Mismanagement Probe

The Malawian government ordered the immediate suspension of operations at the state-owned Salima Sugar Company Limited (SSCL) on October 6, 2025. The closure, triggered by undisclosed concerns including financial irregularities and management challenges, disrupted the production of sugar, affecting hundreds of employees and thousands of out grower farmers in Salima and Nkhotakota districts. As one of Malawi’s key agro-industrial projects aimed at boosting rural industrialization and economic diversification, the shutdown raises concerns about local livelihoods and the national sugar supply chain. The lack of clear communication from government authorities deepened confusion and anxiety among stakeholders. Although operations resumed briefly following intervention, the incident highlights governance and operational challenges impacting Malawi’s industrial ambitions.

SOUTH AFRICA

New Municipal Tariffs Ignite Protests in Cape Town

Cape Town residents voiced strong opposition to the city’s newly implemented municipal tariff increases on October 7, 2025, which include a 7.2% average hike in electricity rates for residential and commercial users. The tariff adjustments, part of the 2025/26 budget, also raised fixed charges for water, sanitation, and cleaning services, sparking protests led by COSATU, who criticized the increases as disproportionately impacting low-income households. The tariffs are aimed at supporting the city’s financial sustainability and investments in infrastructure, although critics argue they exacerbate affordability challenges amid inflation. Despite measures to moderate unit costs for certain energy blocks and lifeline customers, public discontent remains high due to the rising cost of living. The city’s mayoral committee emphasized the necessity of balancing revenue needs with energy security and service delivery. The controversy highlights tensions between fiscal policy and social equity in South Africa’s economic context.

South Africa Grants 18-Month Lifeline to Zimbabwean Exemption Permit Holders

South Africa’s Department of Home Affairs, issued Immigration Directive No. 21 of 2025 on October 7, 2025, extending the validity of approximately 180,000 Zimbabwe Exemption Permits (ZEPs) by an additional 18 months until May 28, 2027, automatically deeming existing permits valid beyond their prior November 28, 2025, expiry date without requiring immediate renewals or applications. This extension provides legal relief and work opportunity continuity to around one million Zimbabwean migrants residing in South Africa, a significant portion of the country’s immigrant population. The permit extension seeks to allow enough time for consultations and transition plans to regularize the immigration status of Zimbabwean nationals while preventing deportations.  The extension highlights ongoing challenges in managing migration flows, balancing humanitarian concerns, and addressing national security and labor market dynamics in South Africa.

GHANA

NAIMOS Task Force Raids Notorious Galamsey Hideout in Western Region

The National Anti-Illegal Mining Operations Secretariat (NAIMOS) Task Force on October 5, 2025,launched a major operation in “Gangway,” a notorious galamsey community in Aboso, Western Region, targeting illegal mining and associated criminal activities. The crackdown involved dismantling makeshift structures, burning down illegal mining equipment, and seizing narcotics including parcels of Indian hemp. Hundreds of local miners and residents, many involved in galamsey, drug use, and gambling, surrendered during the operation. Additional raids in neighboring Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipality resulted in the seizure of more illegal mining machines and the destruction of chanfangs. Despite prior warnings issued in June 2025, illegal activities persisted, prompting decisive intervention. This operation highlights Ghana’s intensified commitment to combating illegal mining, protecting the environment, and restoring law and order in affected communities, with significant implications for sustainable development and community livelihoods.

NIGERIA

Minister Uche Nnaji Resigns Amid Certificate Forgery Scandal

Minister of Innovation, Science, and Technology Geoffrey Uche Nnaji resigned on October 7, 2025,following allegations of certificate forgery concerning his academic qualifications. A two-year investigation by Premium Times revealed that Nnaji submitted forged degree and National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) certificates during his ministerial appointment screening. Despite his denial and claims of being targeted by political opponents, evidence showed he never completed his degree at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. President Bola Tinubu accepted the resignation, thanking Nnaji for his service. The scandal has sparked public outrage and calls for independent probes, highlighting challenges in vetting public officials and the need for transparency. The incident underscores Nigeria’s ongoing struggle with corruption and integrity in governance.

Senate Advances Bill for 10-Year Passport Ban on Convicted Nigerians Abroad

Nigeria’s Senate passed the second reading of a bill on October 7, 2025, sponsored by Senator Abubakar Bello (APC, Niger North), to amend the Passport (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, mandating the withdrawal of international passports for at least 10 years from any Nigerian convicted of crimes abroad, such as fraud, human trafficking, or drug offenses, following sentence completion and potential deportation. Lawmakers noted that this measure would help curb visa restrictions and airport harassment faced by innocent Nigerians caused by the misconduct of a few. The ban would apply following the completion of the individual’s foreign sentence. Countries popular among Nigerian travelers, like China, Canada, and South Africa, have imposed stringent visa rules partly due to criminal activities linked to Nigerian nationals. The proposed amendment has broad Senate support and awaits further legislative action, reflecting an effort to improve Nigeria’s international reputation and citizens’ conduct overseas.

Tinubu Requests NASS Approval for $2.3 Billion External Loan

President Bola Tinubu formally requested the National Assembly’s approval on October 7, 2025,to raise $2.3 billion in external borrowing to partly finance the 2025 budget deficit, refinance maturing Eurobonds worth $1.12 billion, and issue the country’s debut $500 million sovereign Sukuk in international capital markets. The borrowing plan includes various instruments such as Eurobonds, loan syndications, and bridge finance facilities, aiming to maintain debt sustainability while investing in critical infrastructure projects. Tinubu underscored that the issuance of the sovereign Sukuk would attract Islamic investors, deepen Nigeria’s debt market, and diversify funding sources. This loan request follows earlier approvals totaling $7.8 billion for infrastructure and fiscal stability efforts. The refinancing will help Nigeria avoid Eurobond defaults and ensure continued creditworthiness in global markets.

Tinubu Requests Senate Confirmation for Abdullahi Ramat as NERC Chairman to Revitalize Power Sector Reforms

President Bola Tinubu sent a formal request on October 7, 2025,to the Nigerian Senate seeking confirmation of Engr. Abdullahi Garba Ramat as the substantive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC). Engr. Ramat, 39, is an accomplished electrical engineer with a PhD in Strategic Management, previously serving as the acting chairman of NERC. Alongside his nomination, Tinubu also recommended Mr. Abubakar Yusuf as Commissioner for Consumer Affairs and Dr. Fouad Olayinka Animashun as Commissioner for Finance and Management Services, both pending Senate approval. The President directed Engr. Ramat to continue in an acting capacity to avoid any leadership vacuum at the regulatory agency. The appointments aim to bolster regulatory oversight, improve power sector governance, and support the administration’s vision for sustainable energy development in Nigeria.

OTHER

African Union Signs Landmark MOU with Pan African Youth Union to Strengthen Continental Youth Coordination

The African Union Commission (AUC) and the Pan African Youth Union (PYU) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on October 6, 2025, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to strengthen cooperation for advancing Africa’s youth development agenda and continental integration. The MoU emphasizes revitalizing and empowering the PYU as the continental coordinating body for national youth councils and a unified voice for Africa’s youth. This partnership signifies a renewed commitment by the AU to meaningful youth participation, leadership, and empowerment in line with Africa’s Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Founded in 1962, the PYU has played a crucial role in mobilizing African youth for social justice, peace, and transformation. The agreement positions youth at the center of Africa’s transformation agenda, aiming to boost policies that foster unity, democracy, peace, and sustainable development across the continent.

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